This small country in the heart of the Balkans has flourished over the past year, especially since resolving its long-standing name dispute with Greece. In exchange, the young land-locked nation with a thousand-year history can look ahead to joining the EU. Join us for an examination of the country’s curious conflict with its neighbor, its dynamic growth, an “incisive valley” and the local transportation system.

This country of two million people is easy to overlook on the map. With an area of just over 25,000 km², it is one of the smallest nations in Europe. The same could be said, however, of most of its Balkan neighbors, such as Albania, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo and Montenegro. As is typical of the region, North Macedonia makes up for its small size with great cultural diversity. Its larger neighbors include Bulgaria to the east, which shares a close history with North Macedonia, as well as Greece. Since achieving its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, the country has been involved in a decades-long dispute with its large neighbor to the south over the name “Macedonia.”

Bizarre name dispute

Partially to blame was the new constitution adopted at the time, which declared that the country would work to promote the rights of Macedonians in neighboring countries and foster their cultural development. Greece interpreted this as encouraging separatism among its own minority of Macedonian Slavs in northern Greece. There was a fear of potential territorial claims from the country called “Macedonia” at the time, which Greece also argued was improperly named after its own northern province of the same name. After enduring a trade blockade from Greece, North Macedonia changed its constitution and explicitly declared that it had no territorial claims against any of its neighboring countries. The flag was also changed. This had previously displayed the sixteen-pointed star of Vergina, the symbol of the ancient Macedonian state, another point of irritation for Greece. The extent of this dispute was also revealed by the political squabble that erupted when a monument was erected in the North Macedonian capital featuring Alexander the Great on horseback in addition to naming the country’s international airport after this ancient Macedonian.

A compromise for the future

In any case, Greece consistently blocked its neighbor’s efforts to join NATO and become an EU candidate. This continued until the country finally gave in, officially changing its name to North Macedonia in January 2019. The following year, this concession was rewarded with NATO membership. Since then, the Macedonian government has pursued reforms aimed squarely at EU membership. The unusual dispute stood in the way of positive developments in the country for far too long.

Things are looking up

Despite reforms in the direction of a liberal market economy, North Macedonia is still the poorest among the former Yugoslavian countries. Even before the collapse of Yugoslavia, this was considered one of the least developed regions of the country, and the armed conflicts that followed only further degraded the local economy.

However, there is now an opportunity to improve this situation in the coming years. After all, the economy has shown solid growth in recent years, driven by rising consumer demand and strong exports. Although the pandemic in 2020 resulted in a slight “dip,” this was far smaller than what was seen in many other European countries. Another positive development is the continued decline in unemployment. This is due largely to production by foreign companies – particularly automotive suppliers, who produce vehicle parts, catalytic converters, ignition systems, cables, car seats and similar items in the country’s industrial zones. Another growing industry in North Macedonia is clothing, with many well-known fashion brands locating production sites here.

Lagging infrastructure

Travel in North Macedonia is made possible by a relatively simple network of roads and highways extending over 14,000 km. North Macedonia has made many improvements to its highway network in recent years, enhancing existing connections as well as consistently adding new routes. At the end of 2025, the total length of highways had surpassed 330 km, with an additional 167 km now under construction. The new sections heading toward neighbors Kosovo and Albania will be particularly valuable additions. Nevertheless, the main connection remains the north-south artery, a route that has existed since ancient times and has been expanded greatly with the help of EU subsidies. Unofficially known as “Corridor 10,” it connects Greece – including the key ports of Pireaus and Thessaloniki – to the industrial and production centers of Central and Western Europe. And in the middle lies North Macedonia with its capital of Skopje.

Railways under heavy construction

Major expansions are also planned for the rail network, which has been neglected for decades. Similar to the situation on the highways, the bulk of rail transports move in the north-south direction. The reason is simple and depends primarily on the country’s geography. The wide valley of the Vardar river runs through a number of mountain chains, creating a natural line of passage between Serbia and Greece.
The rail network currently amounts to just over 900 km, with trains traveling on standard gauge. Only about one third of this is electrified. The branch lines, which extend sometimes into very mountainous terrain, rely largely on diesel traction. One especially promising project is the modernization of a small branch line heading west that will extend to Bulgaria. Initially expected to be completed in 2022, the project will establish a new connection to this important EU neighbor. A few delays later, it is now set to become part of the European Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) and will open in 2030.

The only internationally significant airport in the country is “Skopje International Airport.”

It may have a long way yet to go, but North Macedonia is heading into a dynamic future full of opportunities and a clear focus on further political and economic integration with Europe.

Country facts:

North Macedonia has a little over 2 million inhabitants, of which about 544,000 live in the capital of Skopje. Ethnic Macedonians make up 65 percent, while Albanians are the largest minority at one third of the population. The national language is Macedonian, while Albanian is a second official language in some communities. English is typically used as the language for business. The currency is the Macedonian denar (MKD), which subdivides into 100 deni.